The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle (gastrocnemius) and the soleus muscles of the lower leg to the heel. While tendons are strong, they are not particularly flexible, and thus can only be stretched so far before becoming inflamed, or even tearing/rupturing. An Achilles tendon rupture occurs when the force on the tendon is greater [...]

The term concussion refers to a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) resulting in a temporary loss of awareness or conciousness. Concussions can result from falls in which the head strikes against an object, or when a moving object strikes the head. The length of unconciousness may relate to the severity of the concussion, and affected [...]

Runner’s knee, formally known as chondomalacia patellae, is a degenerative condition affecting the cartilage along the back of the kneecap (i.e., patella). Runner’s knee, which causes dull pain or discomfort around or behind the kneecap, is common in cyclists, rowers, runners, soccer players, and tennis players. Women are more commonly affected by runner’s knee than [...]

Sever’s disease, also know as calcaneal apophysitis, is a common source of heel pain in young, growing athletes. The most common symptoms are pain or tenderness in one or both heels, discomfort when the heel is squeezed, and more severe pain when walking, running, jumping, or playing sports. The pain associated with Sever’s disease is [...]